东夏国南京城破城之门遗迹被发掘******
光明日报长春1月11日电 见习记者李层、记者任爽从吉林省文物考古研究所获悉，2020年度“全国十大考古新发现”之一——磨盘村山城遗址在被确认为东夏国南京城故址后，又在2022年度考古工作中有了新收获：元军攻进东夏国南京城破城之门遗迹被首次发掘，进一步印证了史料中当年此城被攻克的相关记载。
磨盘村山城遗址位于吉林省图们市长安镇磨盘村一处独立山体上，扼守延吉盆地最东缘，北、东、南三面被布尔哈通河环抱，地势险要，易守难攻。遗址自2013年以来由吉林省文物考古研究所进行考古发掘，发现早晚两期遗存。其中，晚期遗存即为东夏国南京城故址。
东夏国是13世纪中国东北地区一个割据政权。东夏国的南京城是其在金、元交替时期割据偏安、据险自守的要地。1233年，元军攻破南京城，继而平定东夏国土。至此，东夏灭亡，存国19年。
磨盘村山城遗址平面近阔叶形，可根据自然冲沟划分为东、南、西、北、中5个区，包含城门、角楼、城墙、房址、蓄水坑及大型建筑基址等遗迹。《元史》关于当年攻陷南京城有记载：（查剌）从国王军征万奴，围南京，城坚如立铁，查剌命偏将先警其东北，亲奋长槊大呼，登西南角，摧其飞橹，手斩陴卒数十人，大军乘之，遂克南京。由此对比各区城门遗迹，考古人员发现西区3号门址位于山城西南部，与史料相吻合，推定其为东夏国南京城破城之门。该门址在2022年度首次被发掘。
通过考古发掘，考古人员在西区3号门址发现了早晚两期门道。其中，晚期门道由黄沙土平铺，比早期门道高出1.26米，正中立置将军石，且在将军石南北两侧各有一块门枢础石，是东夏国南京城西门。
磨盘村山城遗址考古发掘领队苗诗钰补充：“经测量，门道宽约2米、残高2米多，门枢础石石孔直径约13厘米，推测西门不通马车、规模较小。加之西门地势陡峭。更多兵力可能会向规模较大、地势平坦的东门、北门等需要重兵布防的地方倾斜。”
西门西侧依山势修建了一处似瓮城的区域。苗诗钰说：“这一区域面积较大，约有2万多平方米，防御功能不如东门、北门等处严格意义上的瓮城。此外，还在西门内东北处发掘了一处房址。该房址距西门不到10米，面积不足20平方米，出土了东夏国一定数量的铁镞、礌石等武器。从房址位置、面积和出土遗物来看，此处应为城门值守士兵住所。”
苗诗钰分析：“山城如史料中记载‘城坚如立铁’。相比东、南、北三面环河，且主要门址处设有瓮城、布兵较多的坚固城防，西门虽借山险固守，但防御功能和力量略显不足。元军当年极有可能在考虑这些因素后，采取了‘先警其东北’和‘登西南角’这样声东击西的战术，并成功破城。”
在磨盘村山城遗址2022年度考古工作中，共清理遗迹9处、出土遗物642件，主要以陶器、陶质建筑构件、铁器为主。除发掘西门外，考古人员在中区24号房址中发现了保存基本完好的U形火炕，出土了陶砚台等可复原陶器10件和铁矛、石棋子等遗物。24号房址所在建筑群内多处小型房址和空台地间隔分布，说明每个房址都规划了相应的功能区。考古人员据此推断此建筑群为兵营。
《光明日报》（ 2023年01月12日 09版）
中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
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